Vaginal dryness

Published on September 5, 2024 at 8:00 / Updated on September 18, 2024 at 8:00

Vaginal dryness occurs when the vagina is less lubricated and therefore less moist. Though it is one of the most common symptoms associated with menopause, vaginal dryness can occur at any age. It is usually caused by a decrease in the body's level of estrogen, a hormone secreted by the ovaries. Lower estrogen levels lead to a thinning of the vaginal wall, decreased elasticity, and reduced vaginal secretions.

This condition varies in intensity and duration, and can significantly impact your quality of life. It may be accompanied by the following symptoms:

Itching
Irritation
Bleeding
Pain or discomfort during sex
Burning sensation
Vaginal infections
Recurring urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Pain or discomfort while urinating

Causes and triggers

Vaginal dryness may accompany or be caused by certain health conditions. It can also be a side effect of some treatments or medications. In addition, certain lifestyle habits can trigger or aggravate vaginal dryness. Here are a few examples:

Lifestyle habits:

Use of products that irritate the skin (e.g., certain soaps, detergents, douches)
Use of spermicides
Prolonged use of sanitary pads or tampons
Smoking

Health conditions:

Allergies or inflammatory conditions (e.g., vulvar dermatitis)
Diabetes
Vaginal infections
Decreased estrogen production (e.g., menopause)

Medications and treatments:

Antidepressants
Heart medication
Antihistamines (for allergies)
Cancer treatments (chemotherapy and radiotherapy)
Hormonal contraceptives (e.g., the birth control pill)

Other factors:

Age
Postpartum period
Breastfeeding
Days following menstruation
Low libido

Treatment

The prevention and treatment of vaginal dryness vary, depending on the cause. Adopting or modifying certain lifestyle habits can reduce or prevent vaginal dryness. Sexual stimulation (masturbation, intercourse) can also help maintain good vaginal health.

Lubricants and moisturizers are the first line of treatment for mild symptoms.

Lubricants should be used as needed to temporarily relieve symptoms of vaginal dryness and during sexual intercourse. Lubricants can be made with water, silicone, or oil. Some lubricants, such as oil-based ones, are not compatible with latex condoms because they can degrade the latex and reduce the condom's efficacy.

Vaginal moisturizers are designed to adhere to the vaginal wall and retain water. They provide longer-lasting relief than lubricants and can be used on a regular basis, 2 to 3 times a week.

The various brands on the market are all similarly effective. Some products contain ingredients that may cause irritation and should be avoided (e.g., parabens, glycerin, propylene glycol, flavours, fragrances, warming agents). You may have to try several products before finding the one that works best for you. We recommend testing a small amount of the product on your skin before applying it to the genitals (vulva, vagina). You may find it helpful to look at a product's ingredient list with a health professional so that you can make an informed choice.

Lubricants	Notes	Examples
Water-based	Can be applied inside the vagina May dry out and require reapplication Contain preservatives that may irritate the skin	Astroglide gel and liquid Durex original K-Y (several brand products) Trojan H2O Closer
Silicone-based	More expensive than water-based lubricants Thinner texture Can be applied inside the vagina Generally hypoallergenic Lubricating effect lasts longer than the same amount of a water-based product Good option for women prone to urinary or vaginal infections May damage silicone dilators and sex toys	Pjur Silicone Replens Silky Smooth Lubricant Trojan BareSkin Wet Platinum
Oil-based	Note: Synthetic oils such as petroleum jelly (e.g., Vaseline) should not be applied inside the vagina. Natural oils, however, are okay to apply inside the vagina. To be avoided for the following reasons: Not compatible with latex condoms, diaphragms, or cervical caps May cause irritation May increase the risk of vaginal infections Difficult to clean	Yes OB Natural oils: Vitamin E Coconut Almond Mineral
Moisturizers	Notes	Examples
Water-based	Adhere to the vaginal wall and retain water	Luvena Replens Long-Lasting Vaginal Moisturizer Yes VM
Hyaluronic acid-based	Adhere to the vaginal wall and retain water May reduce inflammation	Gynatrof RepaGyn vaginal suppository Vagisil Prohydrate Zestica Moisture
Oil-based	To be avoided for the following reasons: May damage latex condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps May cause irritation May increase the risk of vaginal infections Difficult to clean	Natural oils: Vitamin E Coconut Almond Mineral

Vaginal dryness that occurs during menopause can also be treated with prescription medications, some of which are hormone-based (e.g., estrogen). These treatments may be applied topically to the vagina or taken by mouth. You will need a medical consultation to assess whether these treatments are appropriate and safe for you.

Other treatments are available, including physiotherapy. Don't hesitate to discuss your options with your health care provider.

When should I see a health care professional?

Speak with your health care provider if you experience any of the following:

Vaginal lubricants or moisturizers do not provide relief
Severe vaginal dryness
Vaginal ulcers or fissures
Persistent vaginal bleeding
Vaginal secretions with an abnormal colour or odour
Symptoms that cause distress

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