Chilblains
Chilblains, also called pernio, is a cold injury that causes skin lesions. The extremities, including the ears, nose, fingers and toes are particularly vulnerable to this condition.
Causes and triggers
Chilblains result primarily from prolonged exposure to cold damp conditions. Wearing tight-fitting gloves or shoes may contribute to their development. Additional risk factors include smoking, low body mass index (BMI), and certain medical conditions such as Raynaud's phenomenon.
Signs and symptoms
The most common symptoms associated with chilblains include:
- Pain, tingling or numbness in the affected area
- White, waxy-looking skin that is cold and hard to the touch
- Once thawed, the skin may become red, tender and blistered
Treatment
- Do not rub, scratch, apply snow, cold water or heat directly on the lesion as this could damage the frozen skin.
- Remove anything that could constrict the injury (glove, shoe, jewellery, etc.).
- Gradually warm the affected area with body heat or wrap in a blanket.
- Cover any blisters with a bandage.
- Take medication such as acetaminophen (Tylenol®) or ibuprofen (Advil®) to help alleviate any pain.
If symptoms do not improve, you should consult your health care professional.
Prevention
In cold climates, wearing several layers of clothing made from tightly woven fibres (wool) or synthetic fibres (fleece) is key. It is also important to protect and cover body parts that are more susceptible (e.g. mittens, a hat that covers the ears, a ski mask). When planning outdoor activities in cold weather, bring a change of clothing.
Drink plenty of hot fluids as this can help the body retain its heat. If drinking hot liquids is not an option, drink plenty of water. Avoid alcohol, since it can cause dehydration and prevent the body from adequately maintaining its temperature.
Stop frequently to warm up. This may help you get through short periods of exposure to cold.